Is my product a medical device? EU Court judgment clarifies that the test includes objective function and intended purpose, and provides guidance relevant to software and AI-enabled tools
The recent judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU or the Court) in Case C-427/24, Diagramm Halbach clarifies the key principles for determining whether a product falls within the definition of a medical device and will be subject to the EU medical device regime. Crucially, the CJEU held that this analysis includes an assessment of both the manufacturer’s intended purpose of the product and whether the product objectively performs functions for a specific medical purpose listed in Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) 2017/745, the Medical Devices Regulation (MDR).
UK Looks To Modernize Medicines And Medical Device Regulation In The Era Of AI
A landmark program designed to deepen the regulatory partnership between the UK and the U.S., a regulatory ‘sandbox’ for AI as a medical device, evidence-gathering on AI regulation in healthcare, a consultation on a draft Rare Disease Therapies Regulatory Framework and the launch of the largest package of UK clinical trial reforms in over 20 years – Sidley’s Dr. Chris Boyle and Zina Chatzidimitriadou bring you up to date with developments at the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the first half of 2026.
CMS’ CY 2027 OPPS and PFS Proposed Rules Include Major Changes to Reimbursement for 340B Hospitals, Data Reporting, and Digital Health
In July 2026, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS or Agency) published two of their annual proposed rules: the CY 2027 Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment System and Ambulatory Surgical Center Proposed Rule (OPPS-ASC Proposed Rule) and the CY 2027 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Proposed Rule (PFS Proposed Rule). These proposals include several significant policy and payment changes, including substantial reductions in reimbursement for 340B-acquired drugs in the hospital outpatient setting and changes to Medicare reimbursement methodologies for Evaluation and Management (E/M) services and digital health services, including remote patient monitoring services and telehealth, among other items. The Agency also proposes several changes to CPT codes, PFS practice expense inputs, and OPPS Ambulatory Payment Classification (APC) assignments and payment rates for established services. Stakeholders should review relevant proposals, including changes to APC assignments and payment rates in the OPPS Addendum, and consider providing input through comments. Comments on the OPPS-ASC Proposed Rule are due August 31, and comments on the PFS Proposed Rule are due September 14.
AI Collaborations – From Strategic License to Strategic Acquisition
Artificial intelligence continues to reshape healthcare delivery, particularly in diagnostics, imaging, and care coordination. For established healthcare platforms seeking to integrate innovative capabilities, effective transactions are not always single-step acquisitions. Phased relationships, beginning with commercial alignment and structured with the potential for full-scale integration, can provide a disciplined path to innovation.
For technology and life sciences transactions counsel, this raises a critical question: how can parties structure an initial collaboration to accelerate deployment while preserving long-term strategic optionality?
The EU AI Act’s Machinery Exemption: Does It Extend to Surgical Robotics?
The EU’s latest AI reforms are intended to reduce regulatory duplication for products already subject to extensive sector-specific regulation. For manufacturers of surgical robotics, however, they leave unresolved how AI embedded within increasingly sophisticated surgical systems will be regulated in practice.
Most-Favored-Nations Drug Pricing Policy: White House Quietly Releases Report Describing Voluntary MFN Deals
On May 6, 2026, the White House Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)[1] discretely released the first report quantifying its view of the projected savings generated by the administration’s Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) drug pricing policy framework, based on existing MFN pricing agreements and expectations for future MFN agreements. According to the report, the MFN framework is expected to generate an estimated $529B in domestic savings and a 30% decrease in net prices for drugs in the U.S. over the next 10 years.
FDA’s Elsa at Eleven Months: AI-Powered Operations and One-Day Inspections Signal a New Oversight Paradigm
Recent United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announcements continue to highlight the agency’s increasing development and use of artificial intelligence. Earlier this month, FDA announced the launch of the latest version of Elsa – the internal AI solution it first announced last June. That same day, speaking at the Food and Drug Law Institute (FDLI) annual conference, the FDA Commissioner at the time, Dr. Martin Makary, announced a new pilot program for “one-day inspections” driven by AI-backed risk analysis for low-risk facilities. Taken together, and against the backdrop of Elsa’s launch less than a year ago, these developments show a continued push from FDA to leverage AI to expedite its operations, including in the enforcement space – a push that could have direct consequences for regulated entities across FDA product categories.
EU Pharma Package: Compromise Text Published – Best Efforts Required (Part 2)
After a 10-year process, the compromise text of the new EU General Pharmaceutical Legislation (GPL or Pharma Package) has been published and will soon become law. This blog post discusses the 10 most important changes for company pipelines, transition mechanisms, interaction with other laws, and next steps, and concludes that best efforts will be required from all stakeholders, including Member States, to make the new provisions work and create an attractive environment for medicinal products in the EU – including the interaction between with the Critical Medicines Act (compromise text adopted on 12 May 2026) and the Biotech Act (which is in progress).
Navigating the European Health Data Space Regulation: An (Uneasy) Marriage Between EHDS and GDPR (Part 2)
The European Health Data Space Regulation (EHDS Regulation) took effect on March 26, 2025. Most of its secondary use provisions will apply from March 2029, and implementation at EU and Member State level will have to take place between 2027 and 2035. Health data represents over 30% of the world’s data assets, yet less than 3% is utilized for secondary purposes such as research, regulatory, or public health purposes, a persistent “data-to-value” gap. This update examines how the EHDS Regulation seeks to close that gap by introducing a more prescriptive legal framework for access to health data for (certain) secondary use purposes whilst still aligning with requirements under EU privacy law; and what life sciences companies should be doing now to anticipate such secondary use obligations, data access requests, and opportunities.
Delaware Supreme Court Makes Earnouts Less Risky For Buyers
Earnout Decision Partially Reversed Because Buyer Did Not Have to Pursue an Alternative Regulatory Pathway
Earnouts are a common feature of life sciences deals, and a 2024 Chancery Court decision had increased the financial risk for buyers agreeing to an earnout. However, the Delaware Supreme Court’s partial reversal of Johnson & Johnson v. Fortis Advisors LLC has addressed this issue by limiting the application of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.
Earnout Decision Partially Reversed Because Buyer Did Not Have to Pursue an Alternative Regulatory Pathway